Gaussian pre-filtering for uncertainty minimization in digital image correlation using numerically-designed speckle patterns

This paper discusses the effect of pre-processing image blurring on the uncertainty of two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) measurements for the specific case of numerically-designed speckle patterns having particles with well-defined and consistent shape, size and spacing. Such patterns are more suitable for large measurement surfaces on large-scale specimens than traditional spray-painted random patterns without well-defined particles. The methodology consists of numerical simulations where Gaussian digital filters with varying standard deviation are applied to a reference speckle pattern. To simplify the pattern application process for large areas and increase contrast to reduce measurement uncertainty, the speckle shape, mean size and on-center spacing were selected to be representative of numerically-designed patterns that can be applied on large surfaces through different techniques (e.g., spray-painting through stencils). Such “designer patterns” are characterized by well-defined regions of non-zero frequency content and non-zero peaks, and are fundamentally different from typical spray-painted patterns whose frequency content exhibits near-zero peaks. The effect of blurring filters is examined for constant, linear, quadratic and cubic displacement fields. Maximum strains between ±250 and ±20,000 µε are simulated, thus covering a relevant range for structural materials subjected to service and ultimate stresses. The robustness of the simulation procedure is verified experimentally using a physical speckle pattern subjected to constant displacements. The stability of the relation between standard deviation of the Gaussian filter and measurement uncertainty is assessed for linear displacement fields at varying image noise levels, subset size, and frequency content of the speckle pattern. It is shown that bias error as well as measurement uncertainty are minimized through Gaussian pre-filtering. This finding does not apply to typical spray-painted patterns without well-defined particles, for which image blurring is only beneficial in reducing bias errors.     

Development of microscale pattern for digital image correlation up to 1400 °C

Speckle patterns to be used for digital image correlation (DIC) at the micrometer level up to 1400 °C were fabricated by several methods. The quality of the patterns before and after heating was evaluated in terms of the mean intensity gradient (MIG) and the speckle size distribution. The displacement accuracy in simulative translation of images showed that the MIG alone was not enough to evaluate the pattern properties; a large MIG, an even speckle size distribution, and a wide speckle size range pattern were required for a good DIC. The reaction between the patterning material and substrate, the cracking of speckles, and the plastic flow of patterning material may cause changes in the pattern morphology at high temperature. Two patterning methods, spraying a mixture of ceramics powder and binder by a fine-nozzle air brush and abrading a polished surface, yielded a small pattern with high MIG values and even size distributions that was stable at 1400 °C. The potential of the fabricated patterns was shown by measuring the coefficient of thermal expansion of polycrystalline Al₂O₃ from 800 °C to 1400 °C.     

Optical asymmetric watermarking using modified wavelet fusion and diffractive imaging

In most of the existing image encryption algorithms the generated keys are in the form of a noise like distribution with a uniform distributed histogram. However, the noise like distribution is an apparent sign indicating the presence of the keys. If the keys are to be transferred through some communication channels, then this may lead to a security problem. This is because; the noise like features may easily catch people׳s attention and bring more attacks. To address this problem it is required to transfer the keys to some other meaningful images to disguise the attackers. The watermarking schemes are complementary to image encryption schemes. In most of the iterative encryption schemes, support constraints play an important role of the keys in order to decrypt the meaningful data. In this article, we have transferred the support constraints which are generated by axial translation of CCD camera using amplitude-, and phase- truncation approach, into different meaningful images. This has been done by developing modified fusion technique in wavelet transform domain. The second issue is, in case, the meaningful images are caught by the attacker then how to solve the copyright protection. To resolve this issue, watermark detection plays a crucial role. For this purpose, it is necessary to recover the original image using the retrieved watermarks/support constraints. To address this issue, four asymmetric keys have been generated corresponding to each watermarked image to retrieve the watermarks. For decryption, an iterative phase retrieval algorithm is applied to extract the plain-texts from corresponding retrieved watermarks.     

Surface strain-field determination of tympanic membrane using 3D-digital holographic interferometry

In order to increase the understanding of soft tissues mechanical properties, 3D Digital Holographic Interferometry (3D-DHI) was used to quantify the strain-field on a cat tympanic membrane (TM) surface. The experiments were carried out applying a constant sound-stimuli pressure of 90 dB SPL (0.632 Pa) on the TM at 1.2 kHz. The technique allows the accurate acquisition of the micro-displacement data along the x, y and z directions, which is a must for a full characterization of the tissue mechanical behavior under load, and for the calculation of the strain-field in situ. The displacements repeatability in z direction shows a standard deviation of 0.062 µm at 95% confidence level. In order to realize the full 3D characterization correctly the contour of the TM surface was measured employing the optically non-contact two-illumination positions contouring method. The x, y and z displacements combined with the TM contour data allow the evaluation its strain-field by spatially differentiating the u(m,n), v(m,n), and w(m,n) deformation components. The accurate and correct determination of the TM strain-field leads to describing its elasticity, which is an important parameter needed to improve ear biomechanics studies, audition processes and TM mobility in both experimental measurements and theoretical analysis of ear functionality and its modeling.     

浅海波导界面对点源振速方向的影响

采用“虚源法”分析计算了浅海波导环境中接收点处点源总振速方向与水平面夹角,侧重讨论确定性界面反射对总振速方向的影响。研究结果表明：总振速方向和接收点与声源的水平距离、两者深度,海底、海面特性以及声速剖面等有关。在等声速均匀浅海波导中,由于确定性界面反射的影响,当直达声掠射角为1°～50°时,合成总振速方向偏离直达声方向达1.5°～10.5°,声速剖面呈负梯度时,偏离程度更甚.     

某机载瞄准系统精度评估测试方法

为了评估某型机载瞄准系统的精度,根据飞行试验参数测试需要,提出了通过图像测量与DGPS融合处理方法进行瞄准精度评估的试验方案。该方案利用飞行试验获取的图像数据与其他测量数据相结合,建立精度评估的方法,该评估方法在该机载武器瞄准系统精度评估得到应用,并且可在同类试验课题中推广应用。     

基于PCI总线的矩阵电路在压变温压补偿系统中的实现与应用

本文提出基于PCI总线驱动控制的矩阵电路在压力变送器温压补偿系统中应用的目的是解决现有压力变送器温压补偿系统中HART总线型工位电路数量少,整套矩阵电路缺失冗余性,以及现有电路在压力变送器产品温压补偿中实用性差、维护成本高的问题。文中阐述的矩阵电路是以PCI总线为基础,实现对PIO数字接口卡的驱动控制,完成由PCI总线上32路数字I/O到168路数字I/O的转换,并利用168路数字I/O进行继电器矩阵电路设计,实现了弱电控制强电的过程,成功有效的解决了现存压力变送器温压补偿系统中矩阵电路存在的问题。该研发成果已经应用于PDS压力变送器产品温压补偿生产线上,并且该电路的设计能够满足压力变送器生产企业的需求,而且整套电路融入系统中能够长期稳定、可靠的运行。     

一种改进的无人机航空影像配准方法

针对目前无人机航空影像非同源、畸变大、处理量多的问题,提出一种改进的无人机航空影像配准方法。首先利用传统SIFT方法得到特征点,其次利用C均值聚类方法可实现准确的非监督分类的特点,对传统SIFT方法得到的特征点进行筛选,从而得出同名点。最后根据得到的同名点完成待匹配图像的投影变换完成配准。通过实验仿真证明该方法精度有较大提高,且可自适应处理不同图像,是一种有效的无人机航空影像匹配改良方法。     

Dielectric mismatch and shallow donor impurities in GaN/HfO2 quantum wells

In this work we investigate electron–impurity binding energy in GaN/HfO₂ quantum wells. The calculation considers simultaneously all energy contributions caused by the dielectric mismatch: (i) image self-energy (i.e., interaction between electron and its image charge), (ii) the direct Coulomb interaction between the electron–impurity and (iii) the interactions among electron and impurity image charges. The theoretical model account for the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the results shows how the magnitude of the electron–impurity binding energy depends on the position of impurity in the well-barrier system. The role of the large dielectric constant in the barrier region is exposed with the comparison of the results for GaN/HfO₂ with those of a more typical GaN/AlN system, for two different confinement regimes: narrow and wide quantum wells.     

Investigation on interlaminar delamination tendency of multidirectional carbon fiber composites

In this investigation carbon fiber reinforced laminates with different orientation layups are prepared and studied under tensile loading condition. Multiple strain measurement techniques, namely, resistive strain gauges, embedded optical sensors and digital image correlation are used to analyze stress-strain behavior simultaneously through the thickness of composite materials, and to determine the sequence of failure in different plies. Inconsistencies of strains measured through different methods is correlated with the tendency for interlaminar delamination, therefore demonstrating the ability of multi-instrument approach to describe damage progress through the thickness of multidirectional laminates. Complementary analysis through acoustic emission methods reveals that the angle of off-axis surface plies can influence the sequence of failure under tensile loading condition, and damage monitoring capabilities of acoustic emission system is directly affected by delamination tendency of surface plies. Remarkably, the delayed failure of off-axis plies is shown to be related to reorientation of these layer towards loading direction using infrared thermography method.